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Seizures and epilepsy are associated with low levels of GABA. With decreased levels of inhibition in the cerebral cortex, cells become depolarized, leading to seizure activity. GABA agonists, such as Valproic acid, are used for the treatment of seizures. Abrupt withdrawal from medications such as benzodiazepines, a GABAa positive allosteric modulator, can provoke seizures.
Also, GABA antagonists are pro-convulsant. Inherited disorders of GABA metabolism are rare and therefore require an increase in clinical suspension.
SSADH is the most common of neurotransmitter deficiencies. It presents with vague phenotype, varying neurological manifestations, and psychiatric illness. Characteristics include expressive language impairment, hypotonia, and seizures. The most common neuropsychiatric problem is sleep disturbance; other issues include inattention, hyperactivity, and obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD. GABA-transaminase deficiency and homocarnosinosis are much rarer. GABA-transaminase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder.
Patients may have seizures presenting in the neonatal period; other manifestations include hypotonia, hyperreflexia, severely delayed psychomotor development, and a high-pitched cry. Cerebrospinal fluid is needed for diagnosis. Homocarnosinosis has only been reported in one family. Characteristics include progressive spastic diplegia, intellectual disability, and retinitis pigmentosa. Drugs that increase the amount of GABA are commonly used as anticonvulsants, sedatives, and anxiolytics.
Some GABA agonist has addiction potential, and use should be monitored closely. Drugs that bind to but do not increase the amount of GABA are considered antagonists. Examples include picrotoxin or bicuculline methiodide.
Both are mainly used for research. GABA antagonists are pro-convulsant and stimulants. The healthcare team, including physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, nurses, and pharmacists must work together to monitor the usage of GABA receptor agonists. The time should recall that low levels of GABA are associated with seizures and precautions should be taken. Annals of neurology. The Journal of biological chemistry.
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